However, there are many other applications in which condensers are used, and a wide variety of condenser types has been developed. Steam condensers 3 couneto frl w ej ct ondenser, in which exhaust steam and water flow in opposite directions. Ejector condensers are either direct contact or surface condensers typically in the same form as the main condenser. As for the ejectors, ejector condensers at geothermal steam plants are typically fabricated from type 316l stainless steel. Maarky condensers are designed to provide the lowest backpressure which, in turn, maximizes the output from the power plant. In counter flow type of condenser the cooling water flows in the downward direction and the steam to be condensed moves upward. When the steam contacts the relatively cold tubes, it condenses. Circular shells to approximately 12 feet in diameter can be supplied to suit a. The steam and cooling water enter the condenser from opposite directions. A typical air conditioning surface condenser specification is included.
The function of the condenser in a refrigeration system is to transfer heat from the refrigerant to another medium, such as air andor water. Shell and tube ejector condensers should be straight tube units, single or double pass with removable heads. These methods build upon the detailed theories and correlations for individual condensing processes, which are described in previous chapters. Shell and tube condensers circulate the coolant through tubes.
The condensed steam along with cooling water comes down through a vertical pipe to extraction pump. This type is especially applicable for vacuum condensers. Steam condenser and vacuum deaeration system the purpose of the condenser and deaerator system installed at the smithfield energy facility is to condense the working steam leaving the steam turbine and to extract the oxygen from the makeup water and the main condensate. It is a closed space into which the steam exits the turbine and is forced to give up its latent heat of vaporization. If the refrigerant fouling factor is increased, the surface condenser cleanliness. It is device or equipment which is used for process of condensation. Poor condenser performance results in performance losses which reduce the profitability of your power plant. Extraction condensing steam turbine the extraction turbine. Steam surface condensers condense turbine exhaust steam.
The noncondensing type of steam turbine uses highpressure steam and exhausts a lowerpressure steam to a header. There are two basic types of shell side condenser, crossflow condensers and baffled exchangers where the overall flow direction is along the shell. In this type of aircooled condenser, a fan or blower is employed to move air over the condenser coil at a certain velocity. What are the different types of condenser and what type of. Shinko has supplied more than 10,000 sets of various types of steam turbines since the development of our first steam turbine completed in 1955 using our own. This is, thermodynamically, an unavoidable energy expense. This type is especially applicable for vacuum condensers, and can be equipped. Deaerating condenser boosts combinedcycle plant efficiency. A surface condenser is a commonly used term for a watercooled shell and tube heat exchanger installed to condense exhaust steam from a steam turbine in thermal power stations. It is distributed longitudinally over the tubes through the space designated as dome area.
Condenser pressure depends on coolingwater temperature, which, under normal. Plate condensers are used mainly for smaller power plants. During condensation, the working substance changes its phase from vapour to liquid and rejects latent heat. X type when a j type shell would still produce too high a pressure drop, an x type shell, shown in fig. As a source of motive power, steam can be used to drive turbines which drive generators, pumps, compressors, and similar types of rotating equipment. How ever we can use condenser for both purpose, for phase change as well as lower the temperate. The surface condenser of this type requires two pumps, namely, wet air pump to remove air and condensate, and a water circulating pump to circulate the cooling. It is a device or an appliance in which steam condenses and heat released by steam is absorbed by water. Types of steam turbine an overview sciencedirect topics. For most applications using clean cooling tower water, refrigeration condensers should be specified with a fouling factor of 0. Condensation can be done by removing heat from exhaust steam using circulating cooling water. In steam heated systems, cooling down or condensing residual steam in the shell after the steam control valve closes continues to.
Depending upon condensation techniques, there are mainly two types. Whether condensing exhaust steam from the turbine by means of water or directly with air to subatmospheric pressure, alfa laval has a broad portfolio of condensers to do the job from semiwelded plate type condensers, fully welded to wet surface air coolers. A wide variety of types of steam condenser options are available to you, such as local service location, key selling points, and applicable industries. The steam condenser, shown in figure 9 below, is a major component of the steam cycle in power generation facilities.
The nearly all accepted style of air cooled condenser is the. Another important factor is the condenser s operating reliability. The condenser has a steel shell and tube sheet with rugged cast bonnets. The steam condenser is an essential component of all modern steam power plants. The condensate and cooling water is then discharged to the hot well. Mar 20, 2019 all steam turbines can be classified into two categories. In surface condensers, the coolant does not contact the gas stream. Apr 03, 2019 forced convection aircooled condenser. It converts a part of the energy of high temperature and high pressure steam. Steam can be used in this manner to do mechanical work directly or to generate. But that purpose we need to design the system for both role phase. Measurements prove high performance of first cba axial. In evaporative condensers, both air and water are used. Industrial condenser offering you a complete choice of products which include shell and tube condenser, air cooled condenser, ammonia condenser, air cooled steam condenser, industrial steam condenser and water cooled condenser.
Parallel flow jet condenser, in which exhaust steam and waterflow in the same direction. Condensation can be done by removing heat from exhaust steam using. These condensers are heat exchangers which convert steam from its gaseous to its liquid state at a pressure below atmospheric pressure. The efficiency of the steam power plant is increased by the use of a condenser. Steam applications can be broken down into two primary categories. Vertical shell side condensation is normally limited to the heating of vertical boilers etc. With construction savings of up to 25%, compared to a standard aframe, construction. Types of condenserdetails about types and its design. The condenser coil is of the finned type and fines are closely spaced ranging between 57 finscm. The condenser uses cooling water to remove the steam s latent heat and convert the steam to condensate.
There two types of device fitted on the condenser, one is the condensate extraction pump, and the other one is the air extraction pump. Large power plant condensers are usually shell and tube heat exchangers. Oct 26, 2009 to study about various types of steam condensers. The exhaust steam and cooling water find their entry at the top of the condenser and then flow downwards and condensate and water are finally collected at the bottom.
Most surface condensers in refrigerated systems are the shell and tube type see figure 2. This report indicates that the steam condenser air cooling section became ineffective under partial load conditions. In direct contact type condenser the steam condensate and the cooling water mixes and come together as a single. An introduction to condensers and auxiliary equipment for steam. Definition, functions, working principle, types, applications, advantages, and disadvantages notes with pdf what is a steam condenser. Where possible, this has been arranged to use exhaust steam, although in some cases live steam was required, with extra steam and thus fuel consumption. The condensing turbine exhausts to a surface condenser, which usually is a large exchanger with a hot well attached but may take the form of an air fan, to recover condensate. Steam condenser due to its effect on the backpressure of the.
Condenser failures can result in forced outages and loss of generation capacity. Tubular condensers used in power plant to condense exhaust steam are known as surface condensers. Surface condensers are basically a shell and tube heat exchanger consisting of water boxes for directing the flow of cooling water to and from. Plate types consisting of a series of parallel plates that provide paths for the steam and the cooling water. In a jet condenser, the exhaust steam from steam prime mover and cold circulating water come in direct contact with each other and condensation takes place by the proper mixing of exhaust steam with cold. Pdf selection and design of condensers gerard hawkins. Because of the large quantities of process steam involved, the systems installed to condition and, in particular, deaerate the makeup water have to be flexible as. Down flow type condenser sectional view is shown in fig. The reason is more efficient performance at offdesign conditions, as explained later. Condensers are used for such varied applications as steam power plants, chemical processing plants, and nuclear electric plants for space vehicle s. In a condensing steam turbine, the maximum amount of energy is extracted from the steam. Heat exchanger knowledge heat exchanger companies suppliers.
Steam condenser steam condenser objective type questions and answers. Here, the exhaust steam is blown into cold water in the locomotives water tanks. Tei condensers represent an evolution of advanced technology, offering improved thermal efficiency and advanced mechanical design to reduce forced outages and increase availability. A steam surface condenser is a critical component of a power plant. Where cooling water is in short supply, an aircooled condenser is often used. In the worst case, the entire water steam cycle could be damaged by corrosion effects triggered by condenser problems. Steam turbine is a type of turbomachine which is an assembly of nozzles and blades. Air cooled steam condensers air cooled condensers types natural convection. The cooling water flowing through the tubes in one direction lower half comes out in the opposite direction in the upper half fig. The generating capacity of a power plant is dependent on the performance of the steam surface condenser. So when the steam condensed into water, by the help of condensate extraction pump it is again recirculate to the steam generator. Dronacharya college of engineering delhincr official website. Surface condenser types of surface condenser mechanicaltutorial. Types of steam condensers the steam condensers are classified as.
This condensing effect is a rapid change in state from a gas to a liquid. Kulkarni assistant professor, mechanical engineering department, walchand institute of technology,solapur. Steam condensers are devices in which the exhaust steam from the steam turbine is condensed by means of cooling water. Figure 5 cross flow condenser with single pass coolant baffled shell side condensersthe most common type of condenser in the process industries is the horizontal shell side condenser.
Hei standards for steam surface condensers, 10th edition, heat exchanger institute, 2006. Ideally, when steam leaves the turbine of a condenser, it has used all of its available heat for work and is saturated. Steam condenser steam condenser objective type questions. Condensing steam turbines are most commonly found in thermal power plants. Methods available for the design and checkrating of these exchangers are given, with particular emphasis on the shellandtube which is the most common type. Surface condenser is a type of steam condenser in which the. Shell and tube condensers can be rated using commercially available computer programs.
An aircooled condenser is however, significantly more expensive and cannot achieve as low a steam turbine e. Steam condenser types, function, diagram, advantages introduction. Modernization and upgrades for condenser modernization and. Large steam system condensers heat exchanger engineers. In surface condenser exhaust steam and cooling water does not mix up with. Surface condensers can be classified into varies types depending upon the position of condensate extraction pump, flow of condensate and arrangement of tubes.
In two flow steam condenser, cooling water travels twice once from inletwater box to end water box and once from end water box to outlet water box. The function of a condenser in a thermal power plant is a. Steam locomotive condensers may be watercooled or aircooled. Both of these steam turbine types have their own operating schemes and benefits which are described here in detail. Pdf steam condenser and its types niladri bera academia. Lab manual to study about various types of steam condensers. Graham steam surface condensers range from small packaged units used in the hvac industry to large cylindrical condensers used for mechanical drive applications in power plants, refineries, or chemical processing plants. Oct 28, 2020 surface steam condensers are of mainly two types. Working principle of surface condenser is completely different from jet condenser. Steam condenser types, function, diagram, advantages. Three common types of water cooled condensers are 1 double pipe, 2 shell and tube as shown in fig. During the condensation process the steam gives up heat to circulating cooling water. The condenser can be broadly classified into two types. During the condensation process, steam gives heat energy to the coolant.
By rejecting heat, the gaseous refrigerant condenses to liquid inside the condenser. Occurs when a heater with a reduction of dense fluid is pressed left by a cooler denser fluid. The surface condenser is a critical component in the operation of a steam power plant. Types of steam condenser parallel flow jet condenser counterflow or lowlevel jet condenser barometric or highlevel jet condenser ejector. Steam surface condensers water cooled maarky power. The condensate condensed steam thus formed together with the air and other noncondensable gases is continuously removed by pumps or similar other devices. In spite of this loss, the steam turbine chillers iplv is higher. Plate and frame type heat exchangers are also used as condensers in refrigerated systems. This is achieved by passing the exhaust steam into a condenser, which condenses the exhaust steam from the lowpressure stages of the main turbine. Occurs when an outer force pushes a fluid, such the same as water of air, to create it move about and transfer heat. Here the exhaust steam and cooling water mix in hollow truncated cones. The major types of condensers used are 1 watercooled, 2 aircooled, and 3 evaporative. What is steam condenser complete explanation mechanical.
The exhaust steam and cooling water find their entry at the top of the condenser and then flow downwards. Steam condensers are devices in which the exhaust steam from the steam turbine is condensed by. Small tonnage condensers include special multipass heads and are manufactured in very large quantities to provide the highest capacity per ton available. Condenser is a device in which steam is condensed to water at a pressure less than atmosphere.
In jet condensers there is direct contact between the exhaust. Thus, by installing the condenser it is possible to reduce the exhaust steam temperature from t 2 to t 2 where t 2 is the saturation temperature of steam corresponding to condenser pressure p b. The condenser shell forms the boundary of the steam envelope. The steam condensers are broadly classified into two types. The paper describes the main features of aircooled condensers, showing the problems related to their use, such as the presence of noncondensable gases inside the steam flow or the condenser performances variability due to ambient conditions. Industrial condenser shell and tube condenser manufacturer. A steam condenser has the following two objectives. In down flow condensers exhaust steam enters at the top and flows downward. Turbine exhaust team quality, x kg dry steamkg turbine exhaust. Low level high level ejector jet condenser electrical4u. In this type of condensers, the condensate after leaving the condenser is passed through the exhaust steam where the temperature is. Steam enters the condenser shell through the steam inlet connection usually located at the top of the condenser. The condenser is a closed vessel in which steam is condensed.
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